Hardware and Software Selection Paper Essay

Technology plays a very important role in businesses because it helps make things so much easier as far as recording the information, create financial statements, and account management. Thus, computer hardware is what the companies use for data storage, and software packages are the tools businesses use to help the business run faster and easier. There are different types of hardware and software that the companies have to choose wisely to fit and benefit their businesses. It is important to have the hardware that help the company store, organize, manipulate, and update the amount of business information with the assistance of database management programs because the company would use the programs to keep track with its customers, employees, suppliers, and inventory. Also, the most important is that the programs allow the accountants and accounting clerks keep track and maintain with the company’s financial reports, and the programs allow them to manage the payrolls as well a s the account receivable and account payable to avoid error financial reports and tax returns. Riordan AIS Integration and End-User Information Access Technology plays a very important role in all types of businesses because it helps the organizations get things done must fast, easy, and secure. It also allows the organizations to maintenance their businesses as well as keep track with the clients or consumers. Thus, many organizations use hardware to record the company’s information, they also use the computer software as a method to protect their computers against hackers attack and other Internet treats. However, there are certain people in different level allow  having access to the information, and the people who need access to the information would be the accountants (general and supervisors), accounting clerks, director of accounting and finance, the president, CEO, CFO, and COO. The accounting clerks needs to access to the information to edit or enter payments, billings, and adjustment of credit or debit for the business, and they also need to access to the General Ledger and Month end reports to ensure all the inf ormation is corrected to avoid future problems. Also, the general accountant and accounting supervisors need to view the reports to ensure the accounting clerks complete their tasks by enter all the information before month end. Once all the information are entered the director of accounting and finance would access to review the reports or edit them if needed to ensure that the finance are corrected such as Account Payable and Credit, and they will base on the information and number on the reports to make best decisions for the business. On the other hand, the president, CEO, CFO, and COO would access to the entire system to review all the reports such as month end reports and payment reports in order to see if the company is making or losing money. The bottom line would show that either the company is making profits or losing money and which areas. It is important for the reports to be accurate because the management would base on the information shows on these reports to make best decision for the business as well as the compan y. Riordan AIS Integration and Internal Controls Integrating the accounts receivable accounting process into an automated system requires specific internal controls to protect the company against fraud and theft. An efficient control system will protect the confidence of information, quickly identify errors, and remove the opportunity of compromise. Setting controls should also ensure the accuracy of data entered into the accounts receivable ledger, ensure a segregation of duties, and promote a timely presentation of financial reports in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). In accordance with the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act, the company must ensure the integrity of all financial information. To determine the effectiveness of an automated accounts receivable process a system must be put in place to monitor it. Written control policies must be developed for all employees with access to  automated systems or relative information. There must be a set protocol implemented for all activities. Management must be familiar with and closely monitor daily activities. Infogix, Inc. is a software company that helps businesses to monitor and analyze information. Independent, automated controls are implemented to monitor information from beginning to end. Infogix controls make sure that all activities comply with COBIT, all transactions are validated, and subsequently compliance costs are reduced. AIS Integration and Reporting Processes Enterprise integration of centralized accounting information system (â€Å"AIS†) at Riordan Manufacturing, Inc. (â€Å"Riordan†) brings a number of challenges with respect to reporting processes. Previously, Riordan’s various AIS deployed in regional offices â€Å"[have] been unable to achieve anything remotely resembling ‘seamless compatibility'† (Apollo Group, Inc., 2013, Riordan—Finance Overview, para. 5), with a corresponding lack of information portability and accessibility between offices. A centralized data warehouse for Riordan allows all regional offices to enter and store accounts receivable data in uniform data tables and procedures, permitting more easily comprehended data in nearly real-time accessibility. This enhanced data storage capacity also requires enhanced information reporting processes, with sufficiently powerful and flexible hardware and software packages to meet the complex and diverse needs of Riordan’s central administration and its many regional offices. Hardware Proposals Riordan’s multiple regional offices present a diverse requirement in terms of hardware needs. Most office workers will find their tasks sufficiently satisfied with standard personal computers, without requiring much customization by the organization aside from adherence to security protocol. Many sales and executive staff will require far more complex and diverse hardware packages in their work. Laptop computers allow nearly all capabilities of a personal computer in a more portable device, but may yet be too bulky when literally on the move. To this end, tablet computers and smart-phones allow access to the Internet and thus—with the proper credentials and software—sufficient accessibility to organizational information systems and communication networks. However, a balance must be  found between convenience and cost-effectiveness in terms of actual hardware selection in these circumstances. Reporting Software Proposals Two powerful pieces of software for business reporting purposes are Crystal Reports and Business Objects. According to the marketing department of its publisher, Crystal Reports is â€Å"powerful, user-friendly applications †¦ [that] can help you deliver key insights to the right decision maker, at the right time, in the right format† (SAP, 2014, para. 1). This sort of software is a SQL programming tool to design and produce custom, automated reports from a variety of data sources in an organizational information system. The program engine may also be integrated into custom designed data entry and reporting software packages from other third-party vendors, allowing these powerful reports to be easily incorporated into packages custom designed to meet the organization’s informational needs. AIS Integration with Company Internet and Intranet Portals The company’s intranet should have information that allows employees to be more knowledgeable about the company. It should include items such as an employee directory; benefit plan details; structural information regarding the company; the company’s mission statement, goals, and objectives; and request forms for supplies and processes. Although detailed information regarding Accounts Receivable would not be shared on the Intranet, the large picture of the financial information for the company should be on the Intranet for employees to view. This could include quarterly financial reports, with the total accounts receivable amount integrated into the report. This would allow employees to feel empowered by knowing how the company is handling money. It also gives employees a feeling of contentment knowing that they are secure in their organization. In conclusion, it is important for the company to choose the best hardware and software to fit and benefit the company to ensur e that it aids the business as well as creating the financial reports and keep track with its customers. References Apollo Group, Inc. (2013). Virtual organizations portal—Riordan—Company intranet—Homepage. Retrieved from: https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/cist/VOP/Business/Riordan/index.asp Apollo Group, Inc. (2013). Virtual organizations portal—Riordan—Company intranet—Finance overview. Retrieved from: https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/cist/VOP/Business/Riordan/Finance/Overview.asp Bagranoff, N. A., Norman, C. S., Simkin, M. G. (2008). Core concepts of accounting information systems (10th ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Retrieved from University of Phoenix ACC/340—Accounting Information Systems—Course Materials. SAP.com (2014) Empower your small business with SAP Crystal Reports. Retrieved from: http://www.sap.com/solution/sme/software/analytics/crystal-reports/index.html

Cooling Water Lab

Cooling Water Lab Background: 1. Temperature is a measure of molecular motion; the average kinetic energy of the particles. 2. Heat is a form of energy that flows from a system at a higher temperature to a system at a lower temperature; the total kinetic energy of the particles. Hypothesis: If two beakers containing different amounts of hot water are placed into an ice bath, then the one containing ________ (more or less) water will cool down more quickly. Materials: 2 Beakers Ice Hot Water 2 Thermometers Graph Paper Procedure: 1.Copy the data table onto your paper. 2. With stopper in place, fill basin (sink at lab table) about half full of ice. 3. Place one beaker containing 400 ml of hot water and one beaker containing 100 ml of hot water into the ice bath. 4. Record the temperature of each beaker every two minutes for twenty minutes. 5. Construct line graphs of your data. Time will be on the X axis and temperature on the Y axis. Data Table: Analysis and Conclusion Questions: 1. W hat was your hypothesis? 2. Was your hypothesis supported by your data? . What is temperature? 4. What is heat? 5. Which beaker contained more heat energy? 6. How are heat and temperature different? 7. How would the amount of energy absorbed by melting 10 grams of ice compare with the energy released by freezing 10 grams of water? 8. If you mixed 20. 0 ml of 20. 0 oC water with 20. 0 ml of 60. 0 oC water, what would be the final temperature of the mixture? 9. If you mixed 10. 0 ml of 20. 0 oC water with 30. 0 ml of 60. 0 oC water, what would be the final temperature of the mixture? 10.Draw pictures of a teacup and a bathtub both filled with water at the same temperature (show relative particle movement). Which contains more heat? 11. A candle and a bonfire both burn at about the same temperature. Compare the heat content of each. Some material adapted from ChemSource: Instructional Resources for Preservice and Inservice Chemistry Teachers. KEY Analysis and Conclusion Questions: 1. W hat was your hypothesis? Answers will vary. 2. Was your hypothesis supported by your data? Answers will vary. 3. What is temperature? easure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter 4. What is heat? measure of the total kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter 5. Which beaker contained more heat energy? The beaker containing 400 ml. 6. How are heat and temperature different?7. How would the amount of energy absorbed by melting 10 grams of ice compare with the energy released by freezing 10 grams of water? It would be the same. 8. If you mixed 20. 0 ml of 20. 0 oC water with 20. 0 ml of 60. 0 oC water, what would be the final temperature of the mixture? 0. 0 oC 9. If you mixed 10. 0 ml of 20. 0 oC water with 30. 0 ml of 60. 0 oC water, what would be the final temperature of the mixture? 50. 0 oC 10. Draw pictures of a teacup and a bathtub both filled with water at the same temperature (show relative particle movement). Which contains more heat ? Pictures; the bathtub. 11. A candle and a bonfire both burn at about the same temperature. Compare the heat content of each. Bonfire has more heat. Temperature (oC) Time (minutes) Beaker with 400 ml water Beaker with 100 ml water 0 2 4 6 20

'More talked about than done' (Ellis). Do you agree with this Essay

'More talked about than done' (Ellis). Do you agree with this assessment of Napoleon's reforms in the annexed lands and subject - Essay Example The Franks, which was the largest Germanic tribe, took control of the territory that later became France and what is now Italy and western Germany. In 1989, the France’s feudal government exploded into an open revolt that drew the attention of all the European nations. This led to more than two decades of warfare as the empires tried to re-impose their own views in order to achieve a balanced power. According to Gooch (1948) this was the first true world war era and can be divided in to two periods: the Napoleonic Empire and the French Revolution. The French Revolution erupted in 1789 and involved most European countries including Germany and Italy. It gained the support and approval of some intellectuals in Germany and Italians. According to Sheenhan (1993), Germany is the only country where historians were majorly involved in the political process of nation building in which history was a powerful weapon in the struggle for national identity. Also, Germany was the only count ry where an official version where the past of the nation triumphed over its rivals entirely. In the middle of the 19th century, the advocates of the Prussian-led German country started to formulate an account of the German past that reinforced Prussia’s claims. However, this account of the German that was formulated became, as well as remained the history of Germany. Between 1842 and 1843, one of the founders of Prussian school of German history called Johann Gustav Droysen, interjected his work on the Hellenistic period to lecture about the age of wars of liberation where he discussed the developments of Germany from 1770 to 1815. As stated by Carr (1999) the French Revolution started in Germany in 1792 when the French troops invaded Germany and defeated the professional imperial army, which was protecting Germany. In 1794, France took control of the Rhineland that enabled it to keep Austria and Prussia apart, as well as controlled the small states of Germany for twenty yea rs. Blanning (1983) argues that through the treaty of 1795, German forces and Prussian in the north of the main river declined efforts against the French. This was followed by several defeats on Austria with a notable one during the battle of Austerlitz, which took place in 1805. During this period, the Russians and the Australians fought together against the French who were aided by some German states such as Baden and Bavaria. However, in 1806, Prussia re-joined the war against France, but it was still defeated at the Battle of Jena. For this reason, Prussia lost its territory due to the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807, and it was also abandoned by Russia, which was its only ally. This motivated them to take up a serious program of social and military reform, which included reformers such as Karl August von Hardenberg and Karl von Stein among others who improved the education, military organization, laws, and administration of the country. In addition, Gerhard von Scharnhorst improved th e military reforms and educated the army on the importance of moral incentives, responsibility and personal courage. This made Prussia stronger and in the late 1813, it joined forces with Russia, and Austria in order to defeat Napoleon during the Battle of Leipzig. After his defeat, Napoleon was driven out of Germany. However,

Argument essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Argument - Essay Example Disciplines that focus on arts, music, drama, and fields that venture into creativity have apparently been left behind. It is in this regard that the current argument aims to assert that schools and the contemporary educational system all over the world actually kill rather than cultivate creativity. In the video entitled â€Å"How Schools Kill Creativity† presented online through TED Talks, a creativity expert, Sir Ken Robinson, contends that â€Å"creativity now is as important in education as literacy, and we should treat it with the same status† (TED Conferences, LLC 1). In a highly interesting manner of delivery, Robinson initially affirms that the predominant themes in the conference focus on three components: (a) the extraordinary evidence of human creativity; (b) the evidence of creativity placed people in an ambivalent situation or where there is no idea of what will come out in the future; and (c) there are extraordinary capacities for innovation that children actually manifest. Robinson asserts that through the current educational system that pervades globally, children are actually being made to restrict creative and innovative talents by emphasizing that it is not acceptable to be wrong. He cites Picasso as affirming that all children are born artists (1). To cultivate creativity, it is considered important to acknowledge to children not to be frightened of being wrong, for it is through committing mistakes that innovation and concepts of originality allegedly emerge. Likewise, Robinson also explained how the educational system follows a hierarchy of subjects, where top subjects have been expressly noted to be mathematics and languages followed by humanities. The bottom subjects are disclosed to always be the arts. This hierarchy inevitably develops only the brain and leaves out other parts of the body from the waist down. As contended, the reason for the educational system’s emphasis for the development of academic abilities i s to apparently â€Å"meet the needs of industrialism† (1). No transformations or adjustments have been made to refocus on rethinking the view of intelligence since. Robinson aptly enumerates three things about intelligence, to wit: (a) that it is diverse; (b) intelligence is dynamic; and finally, (c) intelligence is distinct. He concludes his talk with the affirmation that we should seek to educate our children holistically: both academic and creative skills, which is the only way to help them effectively see and make the most of the future. One is immensely touched and enlightened by Robinson’s presentation. First, his manner of delivery is highly interesting as he effectively incorporates humor in the delivery, thus significantly enhancing audience appeal. Despite the frequent integration of humorous remarks, the main points are still successfully stressed and imbibed in the audience’s minds. Likewise, the arguments are presented in such a logical and credibl e manner that confirms his expertise in the subject. One can therefore surmise that his previous experience as a university professor adds credibility and reliability to the topic being discussed, and to his ability to present the information in a logical yet interesting manner. Thus, his knowledge of rhetorical appeals greatly contributes to providing the needed audience

Construction Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Construction Law - Essay Example Similarly, the manner in which the work is managed on site with adequate provisions for maintaining safety at heights or when dealing with heavy or hazardous substances, is largely the responsibility of the supply side of construction services. Construction work involves building, renovating or repairing buildings, both for residential and commercial purposes. Construction poses risks to workers in the dangers that exist on the site, especially where demolitions or renovations are being carried out. The use of defective materials or inadequate implementation of safety measures on construction sites could further aggravate the problem, especially if designers have created high rises and building structures that are complicated to execute during the construction process. Construction also poses risks to workers by way of ill health arising out of hard physical labor or being crushed or wounded through the use of heavy building materials. There is increased scope for accidents that could arise on such sites, especially since workers may be unaware of safety risks. The construction industry largely employs unskilled, male laborers who are not educated enough to accurately gauge risks that could arise in construction sites, thereby posing risks to their safety and well being. Moreover, since laborers are largely transitory, contractual labor, employers may not be bound to provide them with all the benefits that are laid out in employment, including the right against unfair dismissal and the provision of health and medical benefits. Current laws also do not make adequate provision for unusual working conditions such as atypical contracts where a worker may be hired as and when required and thus finds it difficult to prove continuity of service for purposes of claims against unfair dismissal.2 Moreover, in cases where a worker may be hired by an employer/client using the intermediary services of an agency, such

Waitrose Business to Business analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Waitrose Business to Business analysis - Essay Example This has been achieved through transparency in the governance system through its constitution. This enables the company to remain competitive in the industry. All partners have a share in profits and in making all management decision for the firm. Though the company has fully appreciated the role of e-commerce, it has been experiencing a number of challenges recently. For instance, users confirmed that they did not like the redesigned website as it was unfriendly to the users. The pages of the website loaded slowly and that the product list was unavailable sometimes leading to frustrations (Charlton, 2011). To deal with this, the management announced that it will deal with all issues as presented by customers concerning the website on listing and speed. Conyan, M & Richard F., 2012. "John Lewis Partnership." A guide to employee ownership. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 05 May 2015]. Savvas, A., 2006. Waitrose rolls out new supply chain platform. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 05 May

Pathophysiology of Sickel Cell disease Research Paper

Pathophysiology of Sickel Cell disease - Research Paper Example It results from homozygosity for a mutation in the beta globin gene and is transmitted by autosomal recessive inheritance (Passarge, 2007). A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) occurs in the beta globin chain, which results in the substitution of the amino acid residue glutamine at position 6 for valine. An individual may have one such abnormal gene and another normal gene and is said to be heterozygous. When a couple that is heterozygous for HbS give birth to children, there is a likelihood of one or more of the children inheriting these HbS genes from each of the parents. When this happens, the child has both HbS genes and is said to be homozygous for HbS. This is when a child suffers from sickle cell disease. This disorder has potentially serious complications and early medication (prior to the development of symptoms) can advance morbidity and mortality. It affects hemoglobin, a protein that is part of red blood cells, which is responsible for oxygen transport. It is characterized by the presence of sickle cells in the bloodstream, which is also known as erythrocyte sickling. This causes difficulties in circulating red blood cells as the blood vessels get clogged and cause symptoms such as pain in the extremities (Gordon, 2000). This disorder develops within the first 2 years, and the symptoms can be traced back to two main phenomena which are hemolysis and clots. Hemolysis causes chronic anemia, jaundice, lack of growth and sexual maturation. The vascular occlusions cause crisis musculoskeletal pain, increase susceptibility to bacterial infections (S. pneumonia, K. pneumonia, Homophiles influenza, etc.), cerebral infarction, and renal impairment. As a consequence of the mutation, when the hemoglobin is deoxygenated, it spontaneously undergoes polymerization to form a crystalline gel. Each polymer is composed of longitudinal beams 14 of deoxy-Hb which are arranged to form a tactoid body, insoluble and rigid

Are Technologically Advanced Societies More Advanced Essay

Are Technologically Advanced Societies More Advanced - Essay Example This is to say that such word is susceptible to varying interpretations. In such case, it is contended that the advancement of a community should not be measured by the number of technologies that it has. Rather, it should be determined by considering the whole aspects of society. It is not to be limited to the advantages that new technology has brought to the people. Stated otherwise, the definition of advancement should not be superficial but substantial. A substantial definition is one which involves the consideration of the people’s state of life. This is to say that, as of this moment, the determination of what constitutes progress should involve economic factors. A country’s economy actually reflects its growth and development. Also, in today’s world, the definition of the word progress is often associated to economic terms due to globalization. Advancement and progress are two interchangeable terms. Both of them signify the growth and development of a soci ety. In such case, either of the two words could actually be used to explain the topic of the essay. It is a contention that there is progress if the following factors are present: (1) all the members of the society are experiencing a high standard of living (2) there is full employment and (3) there is good governance. The three factors are actually essential in determining â€Å"progress.†

Wynn Resorts Financial Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Wynn Resorts Financial Summary - Essay Example alents, cost of sales, total current assets, gross profit, long term debt, net income (loss), total equity, inventory and total assets for the years 2012 and 2011. The output also shows changes and percentage changes in the items over the two peariods. Debt to equity ratio defines the ratio of an entity’s capital that is contributed by third parties to owner’s equity. It is an instrumental tool to potential investors and lenders as it indicates levels of certainty of the entity’s continuity. It is determined by the following formula, Return on investment is a profitability ratio that compares the profit performance to the investment made towards that profit. It is fundamental to investors as users of financial statements. It is obtained from the formula, Liquidity refers to an institution’s ability to have cash or cash equivalents from which it can meet its short-term obligations. A firm that has readily available cash or current assets that can be easily converted to cash, such as inventory that can be sold or debtors that can pay to boost the entity’s cash reserve, is therefore said to be more liquid than one with less cash equivalents. Liquidity is further evaluated with respect to short-term obligations. A firm with higher current assets than current liabilities, hence a high current ratio is for instance more liquid that one with a smaller current ratio (Khan and Jain, p. 6- 40). The company’s liquidity decreased from the year 2010 to the year 2011 with values of 1.76 and 1.09 respectively. This meant, on a short-term basis, that the company’s operations relied more on short-term debts, as compared to its current assets, in the year 2011 than in 2010. It also means a lower probability of acquiring short term debts hence strained short-term performance (Khan and Jain, p. 6- 40). The gross profit margin defines a measure of an organization’s products profitability. The company experienced an improvement in its gross profit margin that

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS - Essay Example A key challenge to be faced by the governments all over the world is that of the reduction in the use of personal vehicles and consumption of fossil fuel. With more focus on conserving the energy and find out new and sustainable energy resources, consumers world over are pressing governments to actually come forward with more stringent restrictions on the use of vehicles and energy resources which are damaging the environment. (Hill, and Jones.2010) Considering the fact that consumers are becoming relatively savvier, it is clear that new social trends will continue to emerge which can reshape the way industry operates. The focus towards the environment protection and fuel efficiency are some of the clear social trends which will emerge to create challenges for the industry. (Hill, and Jones, 2010). Probably the strongest challenge to the industry will come from the technological and environmental challenges in the next decades to come as fast changing technology often drives out firms who are slow to adapt to these challenges. There is a clear shift towards building cars which use clean and renewable energy while at the same time are efficient and cost effective also. One of the key weaknesses in the electronic or hybrid cars is that of the high cost and low fuel efficiency. Future trends therefore may clearly indicate of scenarios where EVs or Hybrid Cars have to be built upon technology which can ensure mobility, cost effectiveness as well as fuel efficiency. Considering the above PESTLE factors, it is quite evident that there can be two extreme scenarios i.e. rapid technological changes and the mass adaptation of EV cars. If the technology rapidly changes and Better Places is not able to keep pace with the technological changes through its effective R&D, it is clear that the company may go out of the business. Since this industry is dominated by the technology and almost all progress in the industry has

Martha Graham Essay Example for Free

Martha Graham Essay Throughout history, Modern Dance has been pioneered by inspirational choreographers such as Isadora Duncan and Martha Graham. Martha Graham in particular, revolutionised the dance industry with her numerous choreographed works. By experimenting with foreign movements and establishing the fundamental technique in Modern Dance, Martha Graham clearly expressed this dramatic dance style as a new form of life. Her style, created from raw emotion, challenges the technical barriers of traditional ballet and has evolved into today’s contemporary dance form. Born into a privileged life in 1894 near Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, Graham was inspired from her father being a specialised physician interested in the way the human body moves. In 1915, she studied dance with Ted Shawn and Ruth St Denis, the innovative teachers at Denishawn. She then moved to the Greenwhich Village Follies for two years to establish her lengthy career. Living in a time of misconceived ideas, Martha Graham used her dancing genius to represent the many issues in American society in an abstract form. Martha Graham’s technique is classically based but tweaks the usual symmetrical body alignment with sharp, precise and angular shapes. Graham’s moves communicate through the dancer, her emotion and stance on American social issues. These moves are expressed through; contraction, release, spirals, flexed hands and feet, rolls, flexion and suspension, clenched fists, fall and recover, curl and twist. Her stimulus for creating movements was breathing and the way she could emotionally express how she felt about life. The contraction starts from the pelvis and travels up the spine. This curvature in the upper body is developed from an exhalation of breath. The release brings the body back to a neutral position with an inhalation of breath. All of the dancers in her company have an extremely strong core and maintain flexibility even though strength is the dominating component. To train the dancers, Graham would often perform classes with just floor work to strengthen the technical elements (contract, release and spiral) as well as learning control. Here the discipline of dance was drilled before allowing the freedom of performing. Graham was quoted, â€Å"Practice means to perform, over and over again in the face of all obstacles, some act of vision, of faith, of desire. Practice is a means of inviting the perfection desired. † Her experimental technique allowed her dramatic view on life to be performed through Modern Dance. One of Graham’s theatrical works Night Journey, displays her established technical elements of modern dance. Inspired by Sophocles’ Greek Tragedy, the dance begins with King Oedipus and his Queen Jacosta complementing each other in their arms. As the dynamics in the music develop, intruding onto the stage are six chorus members (Daughters of the Night) in a grieving state. Lunging forward in a contraction with their fists covering their eyes, they repeat this sequence around the stage recovering to a release in between each contraction. As the contraction is a Graham interpreted symbol of the human emotion grief, this has been consequently used multiple times throughout. Showing locomotion in unison as they clench their fists and flex their hands demonstrates this pleading state. These movements, contractions, releases, developpes, attitudes and shuffling of feet, depict the women as vulnerable to lustful desires. Graham was quoted, â€Å"The body is your instrument in dance, but your art is outside that creature, the body. † The expression of the upper body is sharp and angular with the reoccurring contraction and release. Non-locomotor movements are often in isolated poses of fear positioned around the males. At the time, women were often discriminated against not having the same power as men. Graham has used this theme to display the social inequality sending a message that men have been in control of women for centuries and that women need to break free. The males use dominating gestures throughout, with the blind-seer Tiresias, portraying power and purpose with the repetition of arabesque promenades and high levels. These foreign movements have expressed the themes in a dramatic way developed from her dance style. In this Greek themed performance, the women wore long black dresses with stripes down the side and crown-like head pieces. King Oedipus wears a simple black tunic revealing most of his body. Tiresias dresses in a black flowing coat, carries a wooden staff, and wears mask to show he is blind. Tiresias uses this wooden staff to indicate his wisdom and this symbolizes truth. The silk rope used to hang Queen Jacosta symbolises the connection to Oedipus from birth til death. The music is an extension to the dancers and enhances this performance dramatically. Wild, fierce and harsh would be a way to describe William Schumann’s dynamic instrumental score. The dancers reacted with the music emotionally as well as physically increasing the overall effect of the performance. This choreographic style has allowed modern dance to communicate life’s emotions through drama intertwining with physical movement and relationships. Martha Graham has created countless choreographic pieces that have revolutionised the traditional outlook on dance. The Martha Graham Company was established in 1926 and is still a leading company to date. She has pioneered the Modern Dance industry by creating the fundamental technique and applying it to her 181 choreographed performances. Martha Graham has created a dance style to express a new form of life which has changed the dance world forever.

Applying Risk Management Strategies Essay Example for Free

Applying Risk Management Strategies Essay In this PE assessment, we learned to apply risk management strategies to outdoor activities associated with the water/beach such as snorkelling and swimming. Our class practiced snorkelling skills (ie. Clearing snorkels, equalising, dolphin kicking) in the school pool and at Picnic Bay/Mangawhai which was preparation for snorkelling at Goat Island marine reserve. We analysed the possible risks and hazards that could occur during these activities and the factors that may cause them. As a class, we had to come up with strategies to prevent these risks and hazards to insure everybody’s safety. (Strategy 1) In any activity relating to water, the biggest issue would be someone drowning or getting lost out to sea due to strong currents which may lead to an even worse scenario such as death. So we decided that having safety buddies was a suitable strategy to apply to these risks. We had to pair up with a classmate and they would be your safety for whatever activity. We did not have designated safety buddies so we paired up with different people most of the time. A safety buddy’s job is to make sure your buddy was fine and dandy and nothing was wrong, insuring each other’s safety. If your buddy was in danger or in distress, it would be your job to aid him or notify a supervisor depending how severe the situation was. For example, my safety buddy was Joshua. I unluckily suffered a muscular cramp in my calf when we were in the estuary (Picnic Bay). This situation could easily escalate to a more severe situation, but I was able to tell my safety buddy Joshua that I was in distress and he notified Ms Parkinson (supervisor) who told me to swim back ashore before carrying on any further into the strong currents. Another example would be when we were at Goat island, when we were exploring the waters, only one of you are allowed to dive down under at a time while your safety buddy had to watch over you. This made sure we were supervised by someone at all times so we did not lose one another. If we were allowed to dive whenever we wished, we could easily lose sight of each other and split up. This strategy is relevant to these risks during snorkelling because it is suitable for any outdoor activity that involves a group or class that lack a number of parent or teacher supervisors, since 1 or 2 upervisors cannot always keep an eye of every single student. So relying on classmates was better and efficient alternative. I think this has a positive effect on us students because our safety lies in the hands of our classmates, so it requires us to be more responsible and cooperative, hence it aspires us to be a more responsible, sensible and mature person working better with others. In my opinion, we should’ve been entitled/assigned to a buddy so that the person you were paired up with would be your buddy at all times. This could potentially save a bit more time before starting activities where as we would have to choose anyone before each activity. Also this could improve our social kills, working better with others and having a chance to get along with everyone. (Strategy 2) Throughout these activities we used equipment such as snorkel masks, flippers and wetsuits. Knowingly, the gear that we used required certain care to prevent any damage to them. if the equipment was damaged in any way then we’d have to replace or pay for the damages inflicted to the gear. especially when we were at Goat Island, where we hired the gear. All of them needed to fit properly or else they could pose multiple issues to us. We also used suitable gear to protect us from several risks we would encounter in the water. Risks such as getting sunburnt, and also our hair was an issue as it would get in the way and get caught in your mask. So the risk management strategies we used were looking after the gear, providing adequate care, and make sure the equipment was a suitable for you. For example, when we were snorkelling in the water, if the masks were too loose and did not seal tightly, water would seep through into the mask which may become an irritation when in the water. Your flippers needed to fit properly and feel comfortable. If they were too tight they would eventually begin to hurt your feet and if they were too loose they would fall off. For me, if the flippers did not fit comfortably, it made me more vulnerable to foot or leg cramps, which could possibly advance to a more dangerous situation. At Goat island we hired wetsuits, which provided sun protecting when we were in the water since the sunscreen would’ve been washed off. We were also provided with head caps which help keep out hair in place and prevent foreign organism from getting in there. e were advised not to sit on the rocks , as this would scratch holes onto the backside of the wetsuit. Having these risk management strategies for our equipment was relevant since the gear we used at Goat Island were not our own and were hired locally, it meant extra caution and care would be needed when using their equipment. Not applying these strategies could create potential risks which cou ld jeopardize our safety. These strategies allowed us to snorkel comfortably in the water without complication such as getting burnt or constantly adjusting your mask. Also when we were done with the gear, no damage was inflicted to any equipment. When we were practising snorkelling in-school. We should have had our own snorkel and flippers to use. Since a people were complaining about the sizing on the flippers and snorkels. OR each student should’ve chosen their flippers and snorkels at the very beginning of the assessment, and they would keep and use them throughout the whole standard. This could be a better alternative than students having to try on the gear and find out which one fits for them at the beginning of each period when snorkelling. Strategy 3) We identified that the weather was a risk as it can affect us in a lot of ways. Factors such as how strong and direction of winds, tides, currents and swells could affect our safety and determined how good our snorkel experience will be. Checking the weather forecast prior to doing our activities/going on trips was a relevant strategy to this risk because it gave us a fair idea on what to expect, allowing us to prepare for what additional things we’d have to bring or if we decide whether or not to postpone the trip. We would have to check the weather ourselves the day before we wanted to do any activity. Ms Parkinson would check as well and show the class, for those who didn’t check. When we were preparing to go to Mangawhai and Goat island we check the winds, tides, currents and swells together as a class and decide whether the conditions were suitable or not. At our first Mangawhai trip, and also the Goat Island trip, the weather was expected to be good, sunny/ clear skies, so we brought sunscreen and a hat(if you wanted to) to protect us from the sun and getting sunburnt. On our second trip to Mangawhai , the weather wasn’t as great, as there were strong winds, strong currents and big swells. This meant the visibility wasn’t very good in the water, and the strong wind caused us to become very cold quickly, especially when we got out of the water. We brang warm clothing such as a sweater, track pants etc, to keep warm since getting hypothermia could have possibly been a risk. Some people (Bryn and William) brung their own wetsuits when we went to Mangawhai so that they’d stay warm in the water. This strategy helped us prepare and adapt to the weather so that none of us were really affected significantly. Next time, extra dates should be reserved when going on out of school trips such as Picnic bay (Mangawhai). Since the weather on one of the trips weren’t very good because of strong winds, currents and big swells, which limited our time in the water because of people, such as myself, became colder more quickly. Postponing to a reserved day where the weather was better(hopefully), would mean a better snorkelling experience, and would lessen the chances of people getting a cold or hypothermia.

Kpop and Hong Kong Teenagers

Kpop and Hong Kong Teenagers Introduction I want nobody, nobody but you. I want nobody, nobody but you No matter you are a Korean mania or not, you must have heard this song somewhere before, as its great popularity among Hong Kong teenagers. Korean pop music (K-pop), which attracted much debate in the past several years, is considered as a part of Korean wave. One issue that the success of K-pop is merely due to the Korean drama effect (à ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã… ¸Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¥Ã…“†¹Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃ‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã…’à ©Ã… ¸Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¦-†¡Ãƒ ¥Ã…’-à §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¶, 2009). Research done in Korea has indicated that the success was bolstered by anti-Japanese sentiment, government subsidizes and outstanding dancing ability (Cho, H. J., 2005). Other points to the great diversity of music genres (à ¦Ã… ¾-à ¦Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ «Ã‚ ­, à ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ §Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ©, à ¨Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‹Å"†°, 2010). The debate, however, has missed an important focus: Hong Kong teenagers di ssatisfaction with the Hong Kong music industry. While people keep admiring the others advantages without introspection what self lacks, it may likely lead to providing a chance for others to step in. The paper aims to argue that K-pop captivated Hong Kong teenagers as a result of dissatisfaction with the current Hong Kong music industry due to several inadequacies of the current Hong Kong music industry: lack of diversity of song genres, creativity and music TV programs. The paper is divided into five sections. Following the introduction, in Section 2, some background information of K-pop and its progress will be introduced. Section 3 then focuses on the reasons of popularity of K-pop among Hong Kong teenagers. Section 4 tries to discuss how Hong Kong can emulate this successful invasion. The paper concludes with a reminder for Hong Kong people not to repel the strengths of K-pop, but to absorb them into our own Hong Kong style. Section 2 Background Korean pop music became fashionable throughout East Asia and Southeast Asia in a phenomenon commonly dubbed Korea[n] Wave (Pease, 2006). K-pop is considered as a segment of Korean wave. Besides K-pop, there are TV dramas, movies, fashion and etc. In the past several years, there are continuously many discourse on this since its abrupt and comprehensive descent upon the other Asian countries with a systematic and tactical plan (à ¦Ã‚ ¢Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦- ­Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å"Ã… ½, 2003). K-pop in fact could not the most representative item that spread Korean wave abroad, but TV dramas. If we trace the history back to the first Korean product that appeared in Hong Kong, that is the drama named Star in my heart in 1997. The drama obtained instantaneous popularity among Hong Kong people (Hyun, O. S., 2004; Cai, J., 2008). With the increasing popularity of Korean dramas, many people started curious about Korea and hence expanded the Korean wave to K-pop. The formation of popular music industry is quite different. In Korea, popular music industry tends to produce music groups rather than solo singers. However, in Hong Kong, popular music industry tends to produce solo singers. Thus it is fairly easy for K-pop to step in if Hong Kong teenagers seek substitutes. Section 3 In Hong Kong, with an increasing number of K-pop is imported and broadcast through two main broadcasting companies, the awareness of K-pop among Hong Kong people is booming. Ringtones in Korean songs, following the news of K-pop singers and watching K-pop TV programs could be considered as the typical characteristics of K-pop mania, Hahanzu in Mandarin. The proportion of K-pop mania in Hong Kong keeps rising rapidly. In the following, the reasons why K-pop is able to penetrate into Hong Kong will be introduced: (1) Great diversity of song genres; (2) Outstanding dancing ability; (3) Korean government subsidizes; (4) Anti-Japanese sentiment; (5) Drama effect original soundtracks; (6) Dissatisfaction with the stagnant Hong Kong music industry. Great diversity of song genres In K-pop, many different sorts of music style can be easily discovered, from ballad to techno, classic to rock, and even the traditional Korean music has also intermixed in the current K-pop. As the traditional Korean music contains diversified music elements and special cultural features, it gave a consolidated ground for the development of the K-pop. Moreover, after the Korean War, as South Korea became more liberal to the culture from foreign countries and frequently interacts with United States, a constant flow of western culture and instruments have been penetrated into South Korea. As a result, with the integration of Western and Korean music, diversified song genres were developed and eventually turned into the Koreans unique style of music (Sung, 2008). For that reason, it is easy for current K-pop to be accepted and liked by anyone in the world (à ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã… ¸Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¥Ã…“†¹Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃ‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã…’à ©Ã… ¸Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¦-†¡Ãƒ ¥Ã…’-à §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å ¾Ãƒ §Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¶, 2009). However, as Cho stated, the Korean group music industry is in fact a duplicate of the United States (2005). This might be true when Western music first flew into Korea. Nevertheless, in the current situation, K-pop has already generated its own manner by absorbing and then reforming the features of Western music. Combining varied music elements together, K-pop, therefore, provides a fresh and distinct impression comparing to other countries music. Outstanding dancing ability The rise of K-pop is, secondly, advanced by the Korean singers outstanding dancing ability. In response to the question why Korean music attracted you, half of the interviewees replied with the same reason that Korean singers have outstanding dancing ability and deeply impressed them when Korean singers perform a live show. During 90s, the Korean music industry abounded with dance music and many people greatly enjoyed this kind of music, which lead dance music climb up to the peak and spread abroad. As Sang stated, [G]roups, such as NRG, Baby Vox, S.E.S. and Shinhwa began to penetrate China, Hong Kong and Taiwan(2006). The great success of dance music provided a consolidated ground for development of contemporary K-pop, which is still principally occupied by dance music. Therefore, audience could have more chance to enjoying singers dancing. On the other hand, those singers also ought to raise their dancing strength to survive. In order to survive, long training period is necessary for being a singer in Korea. Normally, if someone would like to be a singer in Korea, he/she have to pass an audition and then receive several years of training organized by the company in terms of dancing, singing, instruments, and etc. Training of dancing is the part that will never omit because dance music occupies a great proportion of K-pop. Therefore, singers in Korea, almost everyone, are possessed of great strength of dancing. According to Seo, with outstanding dancing ability and a country that a number of people enjoy dancing, Korean dance music could be exported to the world successfully (2002). Subsidies from Korean government Subsidies offered by the Korean government is another reason that bolstered Korean pop music groups captivate Hong Kong teenagers.The subsidy policy was trapped and launched internally in South Korea before 1996. However, as times goes on, in order to recover from the economic downturn, the government tried to revise the subsidy policy to support producing and exporting Korean cultural products, which became more extroversive to other countries (2003). Hence, with the great support by the government, pop music groups or their music companies could produce songs or other related products without any worries and have a more smooth way to export their productions. Furthermore, as Cho stated, the [Korean] government moved quickly to increase the national culture industrys budget, to station government specialists in large cities in China and elsewhere and to set up a hall of the Korean Wave (2005). When the government noticed that great benefits could be made from exporting the cultural products, it speeded up to advance the progress of internationalization of Korean culture, which thus provided more resource for Korean pop music groups to entre other countries industry. Anti-Japanese sentiment Another factor that boosts the popularity of K-pop in Hong Kong is the anti-Japanese sentiment, which has been discussed in many articles regarding discussions on Korean Wave (Cho, 2005). Japanese cultural flow has entered into Hong Kong for many years. Before the widespread popularity of K-pop in Hong Kong, Japanese pop music groups were the most popular foreign culture. 19th century could be said as the peak period of the Japanese culture. However, with weary of the long-lasting Japanese culture, Hong Kong people started seeking something new, something different from Japanese. Therefore, started from 20th century, as Korean cultural product were broadcast or sold in Hong Kong, the popularity of Japanese culture declined. Nevertheless, some people indicated that it will not disappear completely. Cultural proximities Another reason is that similar cultural background and appearance brings people cordial feeling more than westerners. As globalization develops and cultural exchanges become more and more frequent, Asia is no longer dominated by American popular culture. Asians are choosing things that are more culturally similar. (Cai, J., 2008). In many aspects, it is obvious that there are many similarities between Hong Kongers and Koreans. For instance, we celebrate the same festivals such as Lunar New Year and Middle Autumn Festival and also the same ideology Confucianism that has been rooted in both Hong Kong people and Koreans mind. Besides, both places were also colonized by Japan and received great influence from Japanese culture. Drama effect original soundtracks The following reason is that the songs which come along with TV dramas generated people curiosity and interest on K-pop. In every drama, there must be at least one theme song. Almost all the hit dramas in Hong Kong, the theme song will also gain great popularity without any additional promotion but the drama itself only (2009). Once the drama succeeds, a chain reaction would normally occur. In other words, a popular drama would bring its theme song popularity too. Therefore, there could be a good chance for those, who never listen to K-pop before, get to know K-pop. Dissatisfaction with the Hong Kong music industry The last but the most important reason, that previous research and studies have missed, lies on Hong Kong teenagers dissatisfaction with the Hong Kong music industry. Normally, while people keep pointing out and admiring the others strengths, it may likely lead to less reflection on their own. Without introspection what self lacks, no progress would be made. It, hence, could be doubtlessly bombarded by the others. The Hong Kong music industry now is exactly in that situation. When K-pop was penetrating Hong Kong, the Hong Kong music industry just kept praising K-pops strengths but did not act to fight against the huge constant flow of K-pop. It, hence, is doubtlessly bombarded by K-pop. Nowadays, K-pop or other related products could be easily discovered everywhere. There are three inadequacies of the current Hong Kong music industry that contributed to dissatisfaction: lack of diversity of song genres, lack of creativity and lack of music TV programs. Firstly, the Hong Kong music industry contains few song genres. Lack of diversity of song genres could not satisfy all people in Hong Kong, which lead people seek their flavor in other countries. Secondly, lack of creativity Moreover, according to the innovation ranking of Hong Kong among the world is 23 only, lagging behind Korea, Japan and Singapore (2010), which implied that lack of creativity is another inadequacy. Lastly, lack of music TV programs Section 4 As the influence of K-pop is increasing day by day, if the Hong Kong music industry still does not act to contend with. Therefore, Hong Kong has to enhance the competiveness of our own industry to emulate this successful invasion. The first thing we should do is refer to the success of K-pop, learn the strengths and even try to duplicate it. Intermixing with our style, Section 5 Conclusion K-pop, a part of Korean Wave, successfully penetrated Hong Kong, especially among teenagers due to several reasons: great diversity of song genres; outstanding dancing ability; Korean government subsidizes; Anti-Japanese sentiment; Cultural proximities; Drama effect original soundtracks; and the main reason: dissatisfaction with the stagnant Hong Kong music industry.

Approaches towards Management :: essays research papers

In the early days of the Union Pacific Railroad there really wasn’t really a manageable approach. The means of delivery were mostly by train and Union Pacific was one who provided services. There really wasn’t much of a manageable approach back then, when all you had was a small fleet of trains going across the country delivering goods. Managing wasn’t really something organization thought of, they were in it for the money. If you were an employee of UP such as an engineer you basically got a set of directions from your boss and were off until you arrived at your final destination. Over time these approaches have changed. Approaches such as the classical, human resource and quantitative have all helped UP get from an average company to an excellent company. By using these approaches UP changed into a goal setting organization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the Industrial revolution different theories of management were brought up, one being the classical approach. The classical approach was a theory which strived to improve the productivity of operative personnel. With the help of guys like Taylor, the Gilbreths, Fayol, and Weber efficiency increased. During this early time many organizations were very inefficient, where activities were unplanned and unorganized. There were also no real plans, managers really didn’t know what to do besides run the business. UP Railroad was a company who was there to do was to perform services to their customers and that was it. There were no real goals managers could try to strive to, because they had no goals. In and around this time when UP was just established many were doing the same job over and over for very low wages, while certainly not knowing what they were getting into.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So for years many managers of UP and other organizations didn’t have an efficient plan, while continuing to live by a low standard of living. This is until guys like Taylor and Gilbreth can along. Taylor spent months trying to figure out one way an organization could use one best way to do a specific job instead of everyone doing the same job at once. At UP being more efficient would lower prices and increase wages. As Taylor found a way to be more efficient, Gilbreth also was finding his own ways to being efficient. Best known for his bricklaying technique, Gilbreth also helped revolutionalize efficient work. With their help, organizations like UP could be more efficient, while helping there employees raise the standard of living.

The Bluest Eye :: essays research papers

The Bluest Eye is a brilliantly written novel revealing the fictional trauma of an eleven-year-old black girl named Pecola Breedlove. This story takes place in the town of Lorain, Ohio during the 1940’s. It is told from the perspective of a young girl named Claudia MacTeer. She and her sister, Frieda, become witness to the terrible plights Pecola is unintentionally put through. Pecola chooses to hide from her disabling life behind her clouded dream of possessing the ever so cherished â€Å"bluest of eyes†. The Breedlove’s constant bickering and ever growing poverty contributes to the emotional downfall of this little girl. Pecola’s misery is obtained through the touch of her father’s hand and the voice of her community’s struggle with racial separation, anger, and ignorance. Her innocence is harshly ripped from her grasp as her father rapes her limp existence. The community’s anger with it’s own insecurities is taken out on thi s poor, ugly, black, non-ideal, young girl. She shields herself from this sorrow behind her obsessive plea for blue eyes. But her eyes do not replace the pain of carrying her fleeing father’s baby. Nor do they protect her from the shady eyes of her neighbors. Though this book discuses negative and disturbing situations, it teaches a very positive lesson. The theme of The Bluest Eye is that of depending on outside influences to become aware of one’s own beauty and to fabricate one’s own self image can be extremely damaging. I feel that Toni Morrison showed this through each of her characters especially the obvious, Pecola Breedlove. One incident, for example, is when Claudia, Frieda, Pecola, and Maureen Peal, a well-loved â€Å"beauty† of Lorain, are walking home from school. As the girls saunter down the street, they begin to bicker. The conversation ends with Maureen stomping away and establishing the fact that she is indeed â€Å"cute†. Claudia then thinks to herself, â€Å"If she was cute--and if anything could be believed, she was--then we were not. And what did that mean? We were lesser. Nicer, brighter, but still lesser. Dolls we could destroy, but we could not destroy the honey voices of parents and aunts, the obedience in the eyes of our peers, the slippery light in the eyes of our teachers when they encouraged the Maureen Peals of the world. What was the secret? What did we lack? Why was it important? And so what?. . . And all the time we knew that Maureen Peal was not the Enemy and not worthy of such intense hatred.

Unacceptable Female Roles in Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Macbeth's Unacceptable Female Roles      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare's tragic play Macbeth scarcely deals women a fair hand; the drama contains only misfit women in the major roles. In fact, the witches are not fully women, with their beards and supernatural aspect. In this essay we will treat on Lady Macbeth, the greatest misfit of them all, in detail, and on other women only incidentally.    A.C. Bradley in Shakespearean Tragedy demonstrates Lady Macbeth's inflexibility of will which enables her to dominate her husband:    Sharing, as we have seen, certain traits with her husband, she is at once clearly distinguished from him by an inflexibility of will, which appears to hold imagination, feeling, and conscience completely in check. [. . .] On the moment of Macbeth's rejoining her, after braving infinite dangers and winning infinite praise, without a syllable on these subjects or a word of affection, she goes straight to her purpose and permits him to speak of nothing else. She takes the superior position and assumes the direction of affairs - appears to assume it even more than she really can, that she may spur him on. (336-37)    Lily B. Campbell in her volume of criticism, Shakespeare's Tragic Heroes: Slaves of Passion, discusses how strong-willed is Lady Macduff:    Lady Macduff is distinctly of the opinion that her husband fled the land from fear, even without having done anything which should make him fear retribution. To Ross she says:    His flight was madness. When our actions do not, Our fears do make us traitors.    As Ross argues that she cannot know whether it "was his wisdom or his fear", she very pertinently argues against the wisdom that will make a man fly from the place in which he leaves his wife and children, and she instances the courage of the wren that will make it fight the owl to protect its young ones in proof that Macduff's fear has made him unnatural in his actions.(230)    In Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy, Northrop Frye shows that a lady is the actual driving force in the play:    That Macbeth is being hurried into a premature act by his wife is a point unlikely to escape the most listless member of the audience, but Macbeth comes to regret the instant of fatal delay in murdering Macduff, and draws the moral that

Private Versus Public Indonesian Schools Health And Social Care Essay

Besides [ 2 ] , there is another paper that investigated the effectivity of private and public junior secondary schools in the Indonesian context. [ 8 ] studied the relationship between school pick and academic public presentation alternatively of school pick and future net incomes. [ 8 ] found that the academic public presentation of public junior secondary schools pupils was higher than private school pupils as measured by national concluding trial test tonss ( UN[ 1 ]) upon completion of junior secondary school. Therefore, contrary to Bedi and Garg, [ 8 ] believe that public junior secondary schools are more effectual than private junior secondary schools. [ 8 ] besides doubt that the positive consequence of private schools could outweigh the high quality of public schools ‘ input quality. This paper presents a re-examination of Bedi and Garg ‘s appraisal on differential net incomes of public and private junior secondary school pupils, which is the nucleus of their empirical analysis. Using Bedi and Garg ‘s sample informations set, I obtained contradictory consequences to them. I found that their decision is biased and misdirecting. I am besides concerned about the usage of some placeholders of school quality indexs in Bedi and Garg ‘s net incomes theoretical account. Bedi and Garg used three variables that do non specifically demo the quality of junior secondary schools. Alternatively, Bedi and Garg use variables that show the status of the last school attended. Hence, it may be either a junior or a senior secondary school. I believe the used of inappropriate placeholders of school quality may bias the cogency of Bedi and Garg ‘s net incomes derived function. Last but non least, Bedi and Garg used the individual imputation of average permutation to get the better of the losing information. I believe this attack may skew the findings. I used the up-to-date MICE ( multiple imputation by chained equations ) attack to handle the losing value job. Using MICE, I besides found contradictory consequences to Bedi and Garg ‘s as the public school alumnuss net incomes are higher than private non spiritual school alumnuss.2 Sample ReplicationThe first measure used to retroflex Bedi and Garg ( 2000 ) was to make an indistinguishable information set to Bedi and Garg ‘s. Bedi and Garg use the Indonesia Family Life Survey 1 ( IFLS1 ) 1993 to gauge the effectivity of private and public schools in Indonesia. The IFLS1 is a large-scale longitudinal observation of single and household degree on socioeconomic and wellness study. The IFLS1 trying strategy was based on states, so the samples were indiscriminately selected within states. Due to cost- effectiveness the study had took merely 13 out of 26 states on the Island of Java, Sumatra, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi. They were selected to stand for about 83 per centum of the Indonesian population. In 2000, RAND as the major manufacturer of IFLS published the 3rd moving ridge of IFLS, so called IFLS3. Harmonizing to the RAND web site, the populace usage files and certification of IFLS4 should be ready by early 2009. Bedi and Garg do non explicate the ground they merely use the first moving ridge. However, I assume that Bedi and Garg do non utilize IFLS2 and IFLS3 as the research was conducted before the IFLS3 was publically released. Despite Rand has printing IFLS2 in 1997, the moving ridge does non incorporate employment informations that consists of net incomes and the figure of hours worked informations[ 2 ] [ htbp ] Comparison of Exclusion ProcessItemBedi and Garg ( 2000 )Fahmi*Initial income information 4900 7220 Had non proceeded beyond primary instruction 3391 5448 Had more than 12 old ages of instruction 291 274 Lack of information on hours of work 33 37 Missing information on school type 10 13 Reported incomes seemed incredibly high 3 9 Missing information on category size–41 Attend ( erectile dysfunction ) school more than 12 month ( miscoded )–45 Missing information on failed in primary school–1 Missing information on male parent ‘s instruction–214 Missing information on female parent ‘s instruction–80 Missing information on school location–6 Missing information on faith–2 Number of staying observation 1194 1050 * ) The Exclusion stairss follows Bedi and Grag ( 2000 ) and another exclusion procedure can alter the consequence. I created a sample informations based on Bedi and Garg ‘s counsel ( pages 467-468 ) . However, I failed to reproduce Bedi and Garg ‘s sample informations even though I merged all necessary files and cleaned the informations right. My initial sample informations set consisted of 7220 respondents who have net incomes and are no longer pupils. The size of the initial information was about twice Bedi and Garg ‘s initial sample informations with 4900 observations. Missing and miscoded informations and besides sample limitations reduced the information set by 6170 ( more than 85 per centum ) to 1050 observations. Most of the observations, 5448, were dropped as they had non proceeded beyond primary school, while 274 observations were dropped since they had more than 12 old ages instruction. Furthermore, I dropped 13 respondents due to losing information on the school type and 9 observations as they had either 99997 or 999997 on entire monthly net incomes. Finally, I exclud ed the staying 389 observations as they had either losing information, miscoded category size ( 41 observations ) , figure of months in school period per twelvemonth ( 45 ) , failed in primary school ( 1 ) , parents ‘ instruction ( 294 ) , state where school is located ( 6 ) , and faith ( 2 ) . Table 1 nowadayss the full comparing of the exclusion procedure. Bedi and Garg used the IFLS1 issued by RAND in 1996 ( DRU-1195-CD ) . On the other manus, I used the IFLS1 information set called IFLS1-RR ( re-release ) that updates the original IFLS1. [ 9 ] explains that IFLS1-RR revisions and restructures the original IFLS1 to attach to with IFLS2. The different construction of IFLS1 ‘s DRU-1195-CD and IFLS1-RR perchance causes the mismatch between my sample informations and Bedi and Garg ‘s. Bedi kindly sent the sample informations set, PUBPRIV.DTA[ 3 ]. Bedi and Garg create the file on 7 February 1998 which consists of 1527 observations and 231 variables. However, Bedi and Garg did non direct the do-file[ 4 ]. Therefore, I can non track the building of sample informations. I tracked the difference of the sample informations sets by comparing Bedi and Garg ‘s sample that consists of 1194 observations with my 1050 observations. I can fit Bedi and Garg ‘s sample by 745 observations. Of the staying 449 observations, 17 observations are unidentified and 305 are considered as losing information. On the other manus, Bedi and Garg ‘s sample does non incorporate 305 observations from my sample informations despite those observations do non hold losing informations. Of the 305 observations losing informations, 34 observations have no information on the figure of months in a twelvemonth go toing school and 32 observations have no information on category size. Bedi and Garg substitute the losing informations on those observations by utilizing a sample average alternatively of dropping the figure of observations. The staying 214 observations have no information on either male parent ‘s or female parent ‘s instruction. Bedi and Garg put â€Å" 0 † value on those observations alternatively of dropping them. Despite Bedi and Garg explicating the major exclusion procedure, they do non indicate out the permutation procedure on the 305 observations. On the other manus, I provide the sketch of the tracking procedure in Table 1. I present the complete comparing of drumhead statistics between Bedi and Garg ‘s sample informations and my sample informations from IFLS1-RR in Table 2. [ T ] Table 1: Tracking Process of Mismatch Sample DataNo.NoteObs.745 Identical 17 Unidentified 152 Had more than 12 old ages instruction 34 – Missing information on period of school in months. – Bedi and Garg substitute the losing informations by sample mean. 32 – Missing information on category size. – Bedi and Garg substitute the losing informations by sample mean. 154 – Missing information on male parent instruction. – Bedi and Garg put â€Å" 0 † , alternatively of losing value in three silent person variable male parent of instruction. – Three variables of male parent instruction are FATH_PRI and FATH_JH and FATH_SH. 60 – Missing information on female parent instruction. – Bedi and Garg put â€Å" 0 † , alternatively of losing value in two dummy variables of female parent instruction. – Two variables of female parent instruction are MOTH_PRI and MOTH_SEC. Since my sample informations does non fit with Bedi and Garg ‘s sample, I can non reproduce all Bedi and Garg ‘s appraisal consequences. However, I continued the remainder of the appraisals by utilizing Bedi and Garg ‘s sample. Using Bedi and Garg ‘s sample I can retroflex Table 1 and 2 in Bedi and Garg ‘s paper. Table 1 in Bedi and Garg ‘s paper presents the descriptive statistics of all variables whereas Table 2 presents the descriptive statistics by type of school. I could retroflex the consequence of the coefficients on polynomial logit appraisal in Table 3. However, I could non fit the consequence on fringy effects of explanatory variables. Technically, I generated the consequence utilizing mlogit and mfx2 faculty on stata. I present the consequence on polynomial logit appraisal in Table 8 in appendix.VariableBedi and Garg ( 2000 )Fahmi( R ) 2-5MeanStd. DevMeanStd. Dev— ContinuedVariableBedi and Garg ( 2000 )Fahmi( R ) 2-5MeanStd. DevMe anStd. DevContinued on Following Page†¦ LOGEARN -0.202 1.079 -0.290 1.063 EARN 1.492 2.567 2.030 17.655 Age 34.66 7.502 34.264 7.321 Junior 0.307 0.462 0.415 0.493 Senior 0.521 0.499 0.527 0.500 Male 0.672 0.469 0.689 0.463 Indonesian 0.404 0.491 0.370 0.483 HIN_BUD 0.066 0.248 0.074 0.262 Jesus 0.091 0.289 0.092 0.290 PRI_FAIL 0.204 0.403 0.208 0.406 Scholar 0.048 0.215 0.040 0.196 FATH_PRI 0.422 0.494 0.521 0.500 FATH_JH 0.101 0.302 0.113 0.317 FATH_SH 0.085 0.279 0.084 0.277 MOTH_PRI 0.380 0.485 0.470 0.499 MOTH_SEC 0.109 0.312 0.094 0.292 DIRT FLOOR 0.067 0.251 0.044 0.205 Class Size 36.47 9.301 36.651 8.884 Calendar months 9.459 1.849 9.638 1.710 OTH_PR 0.023 0.148 0.031 0.175 SKALI_ED 0.043 0.204 0.036 0.187 NSUMA_ED 0.106 0.308 0.097 0.296 WSUMA_ED 0.068 0.253 0.049 0.215 SSUMA_ED 0.051 0.220 0.052 0.223 LAMP_ED 0.023 0.151 0.027 0.161 EJAVA_ED 0.120 0.325 0.135 0.342 WJAVA_ED 0.139 0.346 0.131 0.338 CJAVA_ED 0.141 0.348 0.155 0.362 BALI_ED 0.048 0.215 0.058 0.234 NTB_ED 0.042 0.200 0.056 0.230 YOGYA_ED 0.067 0.251 0.065 0.246 SSULA_ED 0.042 0.202 0.038 0.192 JAKAR_ED 0.079 0.270 0.069 0.253 URBAN 0.708 0.455 0.670 0.470 SKALMNT 0.043 0.204 0.050 0.219 NSUMATRA 0.098 0.297 0.084 0.277 WSUMATRA 0.066 0.250 0.045 0.207 SSUMATRA 0.053 0.225 0.057 0.232 EJAVA 0.103 0.304 0.117 0.322 WJAVA 0.131 0.338 0.125 0.331 CJAVA 0.088 0.284 0.098 0.298 Bali 0.054 0.226 0.068 0.251 NTB 0.042 0.202 0.057 0.232 LAMPUNG 0.029 0.168 0.034 0.182 YOGKARTA 0.067 0.251 0.065 0.246 SSULAWES 0.042 0.202 0.040 0.196 Jakarta 0.176 0.381 0.160 0.367 Number of Sample 1194 1050 Table 2: Comparison of Descriptive Statistics Table 3 nowadayss the consequences on fringy consequence after polynomial logit appraisal. All Bedi and Garg ‘s fringy effects are different to my consequences. The marks on the coefficient of fringy effects in my consequences contradict Bedi and Garg ‘s consequences. Those coefficients are MOTH_SEC in private non spiritual and public appraisals, HIN_BUD in private Islam school, FATH_JH in private Islam school, and FATH_PRI in private Christian school. The differences may bespeak that Bedi and Garg used different techniques or faculties in gauging fringy consequence after polynomial logit. I used the the stata ‘s faculty mfx2 that suggested by [ 13 ] . [ 13 ] argues that mfx2 likely the most utile after multiple-outcome appraisals such as mlogit. On the other manus, Bedi and Garg do non advert the faculty or stata bid in the fringy consequence appraisal. Table 3: Fringy Effectss AppraisalsVariablePublicPrivate NRPrivate IsPrivate Ch2-9BediFahmiBediFahmiBediFahmiBediFahmiandandandandGargGargGargGargMale -0.0154 -0.005 -0.0259 -0.002 -0.0253 -0.005 0.0667 0.012 Indonesian -0.0345 -0.006 -0.0244 -0.001 0.0441 0.006 0.0147 0.001 Hin_bud 0.1983 0.003–-0.005 0.2817 0.123 -0.4819 -0.121 Jesus 0.0318 0.062 -0.2304 -0.029 0.2371 0.291 -0.0385 -0.323 Pri_fail 0.0897 0.017 -0.0304 -0.001 -0.0196 -0.002 -0.0397 -0.014 Fath_pri 0.0348 0.007 0.0171 0.001 -0.0028 0.001 -0.0548 -0.010 Fath_jh -0.0183 -0.004 0.0022 -0.000 -0.0289 -0.004 0.0450 0.008 Fath_sh -0.0048 -0.006 -0.0680 -0.003 -0.0752 -0.008 0.1481 0.017 Moth_pri -0.0147 -0.006 -0.0413 -0.002 -0.0293 -0.005 0.0854 0.013 Moth_sec 0.0139 -0.001 -0.0387 -0.002 -0.0390 0.008 0.0638 -0.005 Nitrogen 221 133 73 767 [ parity ] Bedi and Garg= [ 2 ] . Fahmi=Fahmi ‘s appraisal utilizing Bedi and Garg ‘s sample. Public is public school. Private NR is private not spiritual. Private Is is private Islam. Private Ch is Private Christan and other.3 Selectivity VariablesBedi and Garg include the selectivity variables in the net incomes appraisals and the net incomes decompositions. Bedi and Garg argue that in Indonesia, the junior secondary school sorting is a consequence of parental pick and choice standards that in some instance may implement by the school. In doing the determination, Bedi and Garg assume that parents evaluate the benefits of go toing each peculiar school and they face four available school types, public, private non-religious, private Islamic and private Christian schools. The school screening that is based on choice standards is most likely true for public secondary school as they require a certain degree of concluding trial tonss before accepting the pupils. Bedi and Garg besides suggest that school sorting may non be exogenic and the pupil who has higher ability may be more likely to come in public secondary schools. Bedi and Garg used two-stage appraisal suggested by [ 5 ] to get the better of the selectivity prejudice job. To gauge the net incomes appraisal, Bedi and Garg ab initio used a polynomial logit theoretical account to bring forth the selectivity rectification term. In the 2nd measure, Bedi and Garg estimated the net incomes equations and included the selectivity variables or the opposite of Mill ‘s ratio ( lambda ) to the equations. The coefficient on lambda measures the consequence of non-random screening single, while either the positive or negative mark indicates the nature of choice. The negative coefficient indicates that unseen variables that influence school pick are negatively correlated with unseen variables that determine net incomes. Bedi and Garg compared the consequences of OLS decompositions and two measure decompositions to demo the consequence of choice prejudice on the theoretical account. Despite Bedi and Garg utilizing the two measure method used in many surveies on school effectivity, I am concerned about the consequences of Bedi and Garg ‘s appraisals on selectivity variables and decompositions with selectivity prejudice. To verify the consequences, I re-estimated the polynomial logit equation utilizing Bedi and Garg ‘ sample informations set that derived from PUBPRIV.dta. I used the two-step technique proposed by [ 3 ] . [ 3 ] created selmlog as a faculty in STATA on choice prejudice rectification when choice is specified as a polynomial logit. I used Lee ‘s method in selmlog option, since Bedi and Garg used Lee ‘s two-step method to gauge the theoretical account. The Comparison of Selectivity Variable ( )School TypeBedi and Garg ( 2000 )Bedi and Garg ‘s sampleand Fahmi computation2-5 t-stat. t-stat. Public -0.089 ( -0.310 ) 0.104 ( 0.370 ) Private Non Religious -0.848** ( -2.384 ) 0.895** ( 1.990 ) Private Islam 0.073 ( 0.120 ) 0.259 ( 0.330 ) Private Christian 0.031 ( 0.272 ) -0.666* ( -1.75 ) [ parity ] [ 1 ] * = P & lt ; 0.1, ** = P & lt ; 0.05, *** = P & lt ; 0.01 Table 3 presents the comparing of selectivity variables. Using Bedi and Garg sample informations, the consequences show positive selectivity for public schools, private non-religious schools, and private Islam schools and negative choice into private Christian schools. The coefficient in private non-religious school and private Christian school equation are statistically important. This consequences contradict Bedi and Garg ‘s consequences. In Bedi and Garg ‘s appraisals, negative selectivity exists in public and private non spiritual groups, whereas positive selectivity nowadayss in private Islam and private Christian schools. The coefficient lambda is important merely in private non-religious school appraisal. The coefficient on the selectivity variable of public schools in Bedi and Garg ‘s is -0.089, whereas in my consequence it is 0.104. In private non spiritual schools and private Christian schools, Bedi and Garg ‘s are -0.848 and 0.031, while in my conse quences are 0.895 and -0.666. In private Islam appraisal, Bedi and Garg ‘s is 0.073 while in my consequence is 0.259. I present the full comparing of the two measure appraisals in Tables 9, 10, 11, and 12. Bedi and Garg point out that the negative coefficient on lambda was statistically important in private non spiritual school appraisal. Bedi and Garg used this determination to back up their statement that the strong negative choice consequence in private non-religious school reversed the public and private non-religious school advantage. However, utilizing Bedi and Garg ‘s sample informations set, I found that the mark of in private non spiritual is positive. The positive and important coefficient on lambda implies that a non-participant type in private non spiritual group will be given to hold higher net incomes. Non participant-type in private non spiritual schools are pupils from high socio economic sciences background. From the consequence of school screening in Table 3, pupils whose parents do non hold secondary instruction most likely attend private not spiritual schools. Therefore, the non participant type or the sub-sample of private non spiritual school are pupils whos e parents have high instruction or have high socio economic background. The negative mark on the selectivity variable in private Christian school implies that pupils from non-participant types in these group will be given to hold lower net incomes. Intuitively, pupils from low socio economic sciences backgrounds who study in private Christian schools will be given to hold lower net incomes.4 Net incomes DecompositionBedi and Garg used the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition to gauge net incomes differential between public school and private school alumnuss. Bedi and Garg used the double decomposition that included some non-discriminatory coefficient vectors to find the part of the spread in the forecasters. Harmonizing to [ 10 ] , the two fold decomposition can be written as ( 1 ) where the inferior refers to the public schools group and the inferior refers to private schools groups. is the the natural logarithm of single net incomes. is a vector of ascertained features and is a vector of coefficients on ascertained features. is the individuality matrix and is a diagonal matrix of weights. Now the double decomposition is ( 2 ) where is the net incomes difference. The first constituent, , is the net incomes derived function that is â€Å" explained † by group differences in the forecasters. The first difference is besides known as measure consequence. The 2nd portion, is the â€Å" unexplained † portion. is the differences caused by favoritism and unseen variables. Bedi and Garg follow [ 10 ] who used the average coefficients between the low and the high theoretical account or. Reimers believes that the favoritism in in labor market could impact the net incomes of either the bulk or minority group. Therefore, Reimers suggests that the diagonal of D ( matrix of weights ) should be 0.5 to avoid the incompatibility in decomposition consequence. I re-estimated the Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions on Bedi and Garg ‘s ascertained net incomes differential utilizing Oaxaca. Oaxaca[ 5 ]that created by [ 4 ] , is a STATA technique which allows gauging the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition net incomes derived functions in one bid[ 6 ]. I present the comparing of the reproduction on the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition in Tables 4 and 4. Table 6 presents the comparing of net incomes differential utilizing OLS appraisal as the appraisal does non include the selectivity variable. The consequences of Bedi and Garg and my appraisal utilizing Bedi and Garg sample informations are similar. Despite some differences in the 3rd denary values, the consequences could be considered as minimally different. The consequences suggest that Bedi and Garg ‘s computation and my technique, utilizing Jann ‘s Oaxaca, produced similar end products. However, Bedi and Garg do non supply the standard mistakes or statistical trials for the difference. Harmonizing to [ 4 ] , merely a few surveies on the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition are concerned about the issue of statistical illation. Jann argues that statistical illation in the decomposition consequences is necessary to bring forth equal reading. In general, my computations on Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition are similar with Bedi and Garg ‘s. However, there are some differences in the 3rd figure in some denary Numberss. For case, Bedi and Garg ‘s entire log net incomes derived function between public and private non spiritual is 0.316 whereas in my consequence the spread is 0.318. The consequences of Bedi and Garg ‘s net incomes decompositions should be treated with cautiousness because of two factors. First, Bedi and Garg do non supply the t-statistics or the standard mistakes of the difference. Second, the choice prejudice could hold appeared in the net incomes appraisals. Table 3 shows that the choice prejudice occurs in private non spiritual school and private Christian school appraisals. Therefore, the net incomes derived function in Table 4 on those two groups are biased. The Comparison of Earnings Differentials Between Public and Private Schools ( OLS )Type ofBedi and Garg ( 2000 ) aFahmib2-8 School Thymine Tocopherol Uracil Thymine Tocopherol Uracil Private Non Religious 0.316 0.162 0.154 0.318*** 0.163*** 0.155** ( 0.086 ) ( 0.054 ) ( 0.078 ) Private Islam 0.311 0.254 0.057 0.309*** 0.254*** 0.055 ( 0.117 ) ( 0.077 ) ( 0.113 ) Private Christian -0.140 -0.204 0.064 -0.142 -0.205* 0.064 ( 0.147 ) ( 0.116 ) ( 0.130 ) [ a ] Bedi and Garg do non supply standard mistakes or t-statistics [ B ] Standard mistakes are in parenthesis and heteroscedasticity consistent T = Observed net incomes derived function utilizing OLS E = Differentials due to differences in agencies utilizing OLS ( Explained ) U = Differentials due to differences in parametric quantities utilizing OLS ( Unexplained ) = P & lt ; 0.01, ** = P & lt ; 0.05, * = P & lt ; 0.1 Table 4 shows that pupils who graduated from public schools earn 30.9 per centum more than their opposite number from private Islam schools. This grounds is strong as the net incomes derived function is statistically important at 1 percent degree of significance. The difference in the explained features contributes to about 82 per centum as the spread is 25.4 per centum. This spread is significance at 1 percent degree of significance. It means that the variables included in the theoretical account could explicate the 82 per centum of net incomes differential between public school and private Islam alumnuss. The difference in unexplained features are 5.5 per centum. However, this consequence is likely non true as the difference is non statistically important. [ ht ] Table 4: The Comparison of Earnings Differentials Between Public and Private Schools ( Two-Step )Bedi and Garg ( 2000 ) aFahmib2-8 Thymine Tocopherol Uracil Thymine Tocopherol Uracil Private Non Religious -0.754 0.236 -0.990 0.243** 0.151*** 0.09 ( 0.111 ) ( 0.055 ) ( 0.098 ) Private Islam 0.468 0.241 0.057 Sodium Sodium Sodium ( NA ) ( NA ) ( NA ) Private Christian -0.046 -0.226 0.180 -0.104 -0.197 0.093 ( 0.233 ) ( 0.123 ) ( 0.190 ) [ a ] Bedi and Garg do non supply standard mistakes or t-statistics [ B ] Standard mistakes are in parenthesis and heteroscedasticity consistent T = Adjusted net incomes differential utilizing Two-step E = Differentials due to differences in agencies utilizing Two-step ( Explained ) U = Differentials due to differences in parametric quantities utilizing Two-step ( Unexplained ) = P & lt ; 0.01, ** = P & lt ; 0.05, * = P & lt ; 0.1 NA = Not Applicable In Table 3 the selectivity variables in private non spiritual and private Christian schools are statistically important. This grounds suggests that ordinary least squares ( OLS ) appraisal every bit good as the net incomes differential decomposition in these two groups would be biased. Table 4 nowadayss the net incomes decomposition utilizing the two-step method. In this tabular array, I do non supply the spread between public and private Islam schools since the coefficients on selectivity variables of both the groups are non statistically important. The net incomes derived function between public school and private non spiritual school is 24.3 per centum and is important at 0.05 degree. The spread is lower than the net incomes difference calculated by OLS appraisal. The net incomes decomposition on OLS appraisal between two groups are 31.8 per centum. Therefore, the inclusion of the selectivity variable in the theoretical account corrects the net incomes spread of 7.5 per centum. Si milar with the net incomes spread between public and private Islam schools, the explained or observed features in the theoretical account contribute to most of the spread. The part of measure effects or ascertained variables to the spread is about 60 per centum and is important at 0.01 significance degree. This part is higher than the OLS appraisal that merely contributes 52 per centum to the spread. The spread on the unseen variable are little and non statistically important. This consequence contradicts Bedi and Garg ‘s decision that the strong selectivity consequence reverses the public and private non-religious net incomes decompositions. I agree that the selectivity consequence corrects the net incomes spread but it does non change by reversal the advantages of public schools over the private non spiritual schools. The net incomes derived function of two-step appraisal between public and private Christian schools corrects the spread estimated by OLS. However, all the differences are non statistically important. Therefore, I can non reason what is the net incomes differences between the two schools since the groundss are likely non true. This undistinguished consequence on net incomes spread may be caused by the little figure of observations in the private Christian school group. The figure of observation in this group is 73 whereas the figure of observations in public school group is 767.5 School Quality IndexsDespite my findings beliing Bedi and Garg ‘s decisions, the placeholders of school quality indexs may bias the cogency of Bedi and Garg ‘s net incomes theoretical account[ 7 ]. Alternatively of utilizing standard variables for school quality indexs such as teacher-student ratio, outgo per student, and degree of instruction of instructors, Bedi and Garg used three proxy variabl es: a dummy variable of whether the school has a soil floor ( DIRT FLOOR ) , the length of the school term ( MONTHS ) , and the figure of pupils in the category ( CLASS SIZE ) . The figure of observations that linked to the information of these standard variables for school quality are non equal[ 8 ]. I believe BG ‘s placeholders for school features ‘ variables could hold biased the consequences. Harmonizing to the manual book of IFLS1, DIRT FLOOR, MONTHS, and CLASS SIZE[ 9 ]supply information about the school features last accompanied by respondents. Therefore, some of the informations on these proxy variables will be biased for respondents who attend senior secondary schools. The 1,194 from informations observation set in Bedi and Garg ‘s survey, there are 519 observations that are non junior secondary school. In fact, Bedi and Garg merely focus on the quality of junior secondary schools.6 Missing Data TreatmentI am besides concerned about the losing informations intervention in Bedi and Garg ‘s paper. There are two variables in net incomes equations that have losing values: CLAS_SIZ and MONTH. CLAS_SIZ has 72 losing values whereas MONTH has 55. Bedi and Garg used a traditional attack, the average permutation, to get the better of losing informations on those two variables. Hence, Bedi and Garg replaced the 72 losing values in CLAS_SIZ and MONTH by 36.40461 and by 9.412534. Harmonizing to [ 6 ] average imputation is simple to implement, nevertheless, it has some serious disadvantages. First, average permutation will diminish the discrepancy of the sample as the decrease of the sample will under gauge the true discrepancy. Second, the appraisal of non additive variables can non be estimated systematically. Third, average imputation will falsify the distribution of and form of the imputed variables. [ 1 ] points out that average permutation would be the worst attack when there is big inequality in losing informations for different varia bles. Another traditional attack that is alleged the list-wise or instance omission may be applied in this theoretical account to get the better of losing informations job. However, This attack may give indifferent appraisal if the MCAR premises are met. MCAR or Missing Wholly At Random appears when the chances of losing informations do non depend on any other observed or unobservable variable. However, MCAR seldom happens in household or family study. In the survey about the impact of childbearing on wellbeing utilizing IFLS informations, [ 7 ] argues that the premise of MCAR is non sensible in the survey. Mattei believes that the premise of losing informations mechanism or MAR ( Missing At Random ) is more sensible. To avoid inconsistent prejudices or equivocal consequences, I re-estimated Bedi and Garg ‘s school pick and net incomes derived function utilizing the multiple imputation by chained equations ( MICE ) . Multiple Imputation was originally developed by Rubin ( Rubin1976, Rubin1977 ) and implemented as MICE for general used by [ 12 ] . In STATA, MICE is implemented utilizing mvis or ice[ 10 ]. These STATA ado-files bundle were developed by [ 11 ] . Selectivity Variable in Mean Substitution and Multiple Imputation attackSchool TypeBedi and Garg ( 2000 )Bedi and Garg sampleAverage SubstitutionMouses2-5 t-stat. t-stat. Public -0.089 ( -0.310 ) -0.103 ( -0.360 ) Private Non Religious -0.848** ( -2.384 ) -0.896** ( -2.200 ) Private Islam 0.073 ( 0.120 ) -0.247 ( 0.320 ) Private Christian 0.031 ( 0.272 ) 0.650* ( -1.820 ) [ parity ] * = P & lt ; 0.1, ** = P & lt ; 0.05, *** = P & lt ; 0.01 I created 5 transcripts of imputed sample informations utilizing ice bid. Then, I used mim bid to gauge the polynomial logit and two-step net incomes equation utilizing the five imputed information set. I compared the consequence of utilizing multiple imputation and Bedi and Garg ‘s average permutation in Tables 6, 5, and 6. Table 6 presents the comparing of the selectivity variable of Bedi and Garg ‘s and my appraisal. Then, Tables 5 and 6 compare the OLS and two-step net incomes derived function utilizing individual imputation ( average permutation ) and multiple imputation ( MICE ) . [ ht ] Table 5: The Comparison of Earnings Differentials Between Public and Private Schools ( OLS )Type ofBedi and Garg ( 2000 ) aFahmibSchoolAverage SubstitutionMultiple Imputation2-8 Thymine Tocopherol Uracil Thymine Tocopherol Uracil Private Non Religious 0.316 0.162 0.154 0.315*** 0.168*** 0.148** ( 0.034 ) ( 0.021 ) ( 0.030 ) Private Islam 0.311 0.254 0.057 0.314*** 0.251*** 0.055 ( 0.045 ) ( 0.077 ) ( 0.030 ) Private Christian -0.140 -0.204 0.064 -0.119*** -0.191*** 0.072 ( 0.056 ) ( 0.044 ) ( 0.046 ) [ a ] Bedi and Garg do non supply standard mistakes or t-statistics [ B ] Standard mistakes are in parenthesis and heteroscedasticity consistent T = Observed net incomes derived function utilizing OLS E = Differentials due to differences in agencies utilizing OLS ( Explained ) U = Differentials due to differences in parametric quantities utilizing OLS ( Unexplained ) = P & lt ; 0.01, ** = P & lt ; 0.05, * = P & lt ; 0.1 Table 6 shows that about all selectivity variables in MICE appraisal have the same mark with Bedi and Garg ‘s appraisal, with merely the private Islam school group beliing to Bedi and Garg ‘s. The coefficient on selectivity variable in private Islam school is -0.247, whereas Bedi and Garg ‘s lambda in the same group is 0.073. The coefficient on lambda in private non-religious and private Christian schools are statistically important. Bedi and Garg point out that the negative coefficient on the selectivity variable in the private non-religious school group reverses the high quality of the public school group to their opposite number from private non spiritual schools. Bedi and Garg province that the net incomes spread between public schools and private non spiritual schools are reversed from 31.6 per centum to -75.4 per centum. However, in MICE appraisal the important negative coefficient on selectivity variable merely reduces the spread from 31.5 per centum to 24.6 per centum as public schools are still superior than private non spiritual school. Furthermore, the spread that is caused by unexplained or unobservable variables alternatively adds a positive 8.8 per centum to the entire spread. Table 5 shows that there is a similarity in net incomes derived function of the private Islam group in Bedi and Garg ‘s and my appraisal. The entire spread in MICE appraisal is 31.4 per centum whereas the explained spread is 25.1 per centum. The discernible variable adds 5.5 per centum to the entire spread, however the coefficient is non important. [ ht ] Table 6: The Comparison of Earnings Differentials Between Public and Private Schools ( Two-Step )Bedi and Garg ( 2000 ) aFahmib2-8 Thymine Tocopherol Uracil Thymine Tocopherol Uracil Private Non Religious -0.754 0.236 -0.990 0.246*** 0.158*** 0.088*** ( 0.045 ) ( 0.022 ) ( 0.039 ) Private Islam 0.468 0.241 0.057 Sodium Sodium Sodium ( NA ) ( NA ) ( NA ) Private Christian -0.046 -0.226 0.180 -0.071 -0.180*** 0.109 ( 0.092 ) ( 0.047 ) ( 0.073 ) [ a ] Bedi and Garg do non supply standard mistakes or t-statistics [ B ] Standard mistakes are in parenthesis and heteroscedasticity consistent T = Observed net incomes differential utilizing two-step E = Differentials due to differences in agencies utilizing two-step ( Explained ) U = Differentials due to differences in parametric quantities utilizing two-step ( Unexplained ) ` = P & lt ; 0.01, ** = P & lt ; 0.05, * = P & lt ; 0.17 DecisionUsing Bedi and Garg ‘s sample informations, new sample informations, Jann ‘s selmlog and Oaxaca, and multiple imputation attack, I found the contradictory consequence to Bedi2000. I found that the important negative choice variable in private non spiritual schools does non change by reversal the high quality of public schools over private non spiritual schools. I found grounds that public school alumnuss earn more than private school alumnuss. Bedi and Garg used the traditional average permutation to get the better of the losing information. This individual imputation attack is non appropriate and may bias the consequences. Using the up-to-date MICE ( multiple imputation by chained equations ) to handle the losing value, I found the public school alumnuss have higher net incomes than private non spiritual alumnuss. The negative coefficient on the selectivity variable does non change by reversal the high quality of public schools. The usage of some placeholders as school quality indexs in Bedi and Garg ‘s gaining theoretical account may besides bias the consequences. Bedi and Garg used three proxy variables that explain the status of last school attended. Since some of the respondents attended senior or higher instruction, hence, it may bias the cogency of the theoretical account.Mentions[ 1 ] Acock, A.C. Working with losing values. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67 ( 4 ) :1012 — 1028, 2005. [ 2 ] Bedi, Arjun S. and Garg, Ashish. The effectivity of private versus public schools: the instance of Indonesia. Journal of Development Economics, 61, issue 2:463-494, 2000. [ 3 ] Bourguignon, FranAA §ois and Fournier, Martin and Gurgand, Marc. Selection Bias Corrections Based on The Multinomial Logit Model: Monte Carlo Comparisons. Journal of Economic Surveys, 21 ( 1 ) :174-205, 2007. [ 4 ] Ben Jann. A Stata execution of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition. ETH Zurich Sociology Working Papers, 5, ETH Zurich, Chair of Sociology, 2008. [ 5 ] Lee, L. F. Generalized econometric theoretical accounts with selectivity. Econometrica, 51:507, 1983. [ 6 ] Little, R.J.A. and Rubin, D.B. Statistical analysis with losing informations. Wiley New York, 1987. [ 7 ] Mattei, A. Estimating and utilizing leaning mark in presence of losing background informations: an application to measure the impact of childbearing on wellbeing. Statistical Methods and Applications, 18 ( 2 ) :257 — 273, 2009. [ 8 ] Newhouse, David and Beegle, Kathleen. The consequence of school type on academic accomplishment – Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Human Resources, 41 ( 3 ) :529-557, 2006. [ 9 ] Peterson, Christine E. Documentation for IFLS1-RR: Revised and Restructured 1993 Indonesian Family Life Survey Data, Wave 1. Technical study, RAND, 2000. [ 10 ] Cordelia W. Reimers. Labor Market Discrimination Against Hispanic and Black Men. The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 65 ( No. 4 ) : pp. 570-579, 1983. [ 11 ] Royston, P. Multiple imputation of losing values: update. Stata Journal, 5 ( 2 ) :188 — 201, 2005. [ 12 ] Van Buuren, S. and Oudshoom, CGM. MICE: multivariate imputation by chained equations. web. inter. nl. net/users/S. new wave. Buuren/mi, 2000. [ 13 ] Williams, R. MFX2: Stata faculty to heighten mfx bid for obtaining fringy effects or snaps after appraisal. Statistical Software Components, 2006. Appendix